Theory integration on 3 terrorism cases Term Paper

Theory integration on 3 terrorism cases - Term Paper Example The theories on terrorism are also too varied, such as to defy an integrative understanding of the phenomenon. This paper will therefore explain the orthodox and non-orthodox theories on terrorism, applying these to three known cases of terrorism. Analytical discussion will try to show that the hypothesis is valid and relevant. Orthodox terrorism theories Terrorism is a highly debatable issue. Its complexity emanates from the primeval nature of man to sow lethal violence against his kind. It is estimated that the 18th century French Revolution gave impetus to modern terrorism that led to the upsurge of contemporary terrorism with its state, interstate and global dimensions. Thus far, orthodox theories on modern terrorism have been used to understand cases of terrorism, but these have been subjected to debates. In an in-depth analysis, Jason Franks opened up a discussion of the Orthodox Terrorism Theory or theories, proposing a more comprehensive non-orthodox understanding of the phen omenon which be applicable in the many years to come. For Franks, the Orthodox Theory is capable of answering the questions what makes up terrorism and how it can be countered. However, he notes that the Orthodox Theory fails to adequately answer why it happens. ... o coerce and intimidate governments to accept political, religious or ideological objectives, and secondly in defence of the terrorist act as when Hezbollah leader Sheikh Fadlallah described terrorism as â€Å"fighting with special means against aggressor nations in religious and lawful warfare against world imperial powers.† ( Kramer n.p.). The situation shows that it is difficult to establish a sound foundation for research and policy on terrorism. This may also suggest that resolving the phenomenal rise of terrorism may continue to meet difficulties in the times ahead. To be fair, the Orthodox Theory on Terrorism has merits. It comprises the western model of understanding terrorism along the human ideals of liberty, rule of law, and democratic life in society. It is also a practical concept in dealing with acts of terrorism as threats to state authority. The Orthodox Theory has laid down three useful themes on terror acts, namely (a) Functional, as embodied by the Theory of Provocation, or the belief that terrorism aims to provoke a response from a repressive state by means of strategies that will radicalize citizens against government (Laqueur 72) (b) Symbolic or the explanation that terror acts have image- value under the idea of â€Å"terrorism in theatre† (Jenkins 132), and (c) Tactical as terrorists use strategies along short-term objectives such as hijacking, as well as long-term objectives to advancing the broader cause of revolution. In spite of merits derived from the Orthodox understanding of terrorism, Franks perceives that this approach needs to be improved owing to the new terroristic environment which has pushed terrorism beyond the state into interstate and global boundaries. The alternative terrorism theory Improving on the orthodox theory, Franks

Imagine you are Marco Essay Example for Free

Imagine you are Marco Essay Imagine you are Marco. Write a letter to your wife telling her about your journey to America, where you are staying and your work. Eddie and Beatrice Carbone 441 Saxon Street BROOKLYN NEW YORK U. S. A Dear family and friends I am missing you all desperately. It has been two months since I have seen you all. The journey was in cramped conditions, we experienced a mix of storms and showers. This didnt bother Rodolpho or me as the fishing trips to Africa and Yugoslavia prepared us well. I spent most of my time conversing with another group of Sicilians. We shared our hopes of America. Our main worry was that we would be caught getting off the boat and deported. The travelling was long and boring with loud thunderstorms at night, which made it impossible to sleep. Because of the large amounts of people on the ship it was very cramped. We had to sleep on the floor, which was hard and uncomfortable. The only way I stayed sane was thinking of succeeding at the American dream and returning to Sicily as rich as some of the tourists! When the ship docked in Brooklyn a very kind and hospitable man named Tony Bereli met us at the pier. He dropped us off at Beatrices house were we are temporarily staying. I was surprised at how nice Beatrices house was after Bereli described it as a slum. Over here in America people live in apartment blocks and estates instead of the shacks were used to back home. New York is a great city. At first I was some what taken aback by the citys daily hustle and bustle. Its so different from the town in Sicily where we know everyone. Beatrice looked very pleased to see us and asked after you and the childrens welfare. She introduced us to her niece Catherine who has stayed with them all her life as her parents died when she was very young. They were both very welcoming but Beatrices husband Eddie seemed as though he was a bit uneasy with our presence. Eddie told us about working on the docks as a longshoreman. He said we could earn up to forty dollars a week! The house is small with five people in it but I cannot complain otherwise I would be out on the streets. I am pleased to say both Rodolpho and me have found work as longshoremen loading and offloading things from other countries like coffee and tea. Whenever I get paid I will send the money home for you and the children. The main things I miss apart from you and the children are the scenery and the warm weather. In New York its cold with wall-to-wall skyscrapers. Rodolpho has taken to the bright lights of New York like a duck to water. He and Catherine seem to have something going on. Last week she took him on a grand tour of the city ending up in up in the Paramount Cinema. They arrived back at about midnight, Eddie was furious. He said Catherine had never been out so late. Eddie is too over protective of Catherine; he treats her like a kid! Its as if he is trying to keep Catherine for himself! Eddie treats Rodolpho like dirt. He insulted him calling him Danish because of his blonde hair. Eddie then went on to teach Rodolpho boxing classes in which he gave himself a good excuse to beat him up. Unprovoked incidents like these anger me. I wanted to get up and defend Rodolpho but didnt want to offend Beatrice. I asked Eddie if he could lift a chair from the bottom, he failed to do this. Then I lifted the chair over my head and looked him in the eye. This was my way of gaining a physical and mental advantage over Eddie. The look of defeat on Eddies face was a picture! How are Maria and Luigi? I am missing them so much. As soon as I get paid I will send money so you can buy Luigi some money for his chest. Tell them I wish I could be with them but I had no choice about leaving, wed have starved otherwise. I am working overtime everyday so I can come home to you and the kids soon. Then we will have plenty of food and will never have to worry about starving again. Take care of yourself and the kids. I will write soon Marco xxxxxx Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

U.S. Criminal Justice System Essay -- legal reform, social issues, cir

Before proposing a reform to the American criminal justice system, we must first examine the problems that plague the process of justice on all levels. American society plays an important role in shaping the criminal justice system. Their beliefs and values determine the type of deviants and the consequences of the crimes. Often their beliefs contradict each other. Americans believe that the more serious a crime is, the longer a person should spend in a prison. In reality it means that a law at discretion can sometimes just set a number of years that a person should spend in the jail, regardless of the situation. The time in the prison is often very long (Randall, Brown, Miller& Fritzler, p.216) because some states have definite sentence or mandatory sentences which leave little room for the judge to decide on the merits of the person. For example, California favors â€Å"Three Strikes and You’re Out†(Randall & et al., p.216) stance on the laws which means after third felony crime, a person must spend 25-year-to-life sentence in the prison. They believe that the deprivations of basic needs, isolation from the society, and in extreme cases, death are consequences of committing a crime. The process of the court in America values efficiency and tough punishments. Since there are a lot of arrests, the court is overburdened and pressed for time. The prisoners are processed through like animals for the slaughter, quickly and with no mercy. The inequality in the terms of power and money influences the court. People with deep pockets are able to bail out or negotiate for a lesser term than a person assigned to a free lawyer by the state. Those consequences Americans believe will serve as deterrence or warning to people to obey the law... ...not the answer to all of the problems that America is experiencing in the criminal justice system, but however it may take the pressure off the state to provide the help to people. The reduction and the reform in the prisons are strongly recommended before using this new model. Works Cited Shelden, R.G., Brown, W.B., Miller, K.S., & Fritzler, R.B. (2008). Crime and criminal justice in american society. Long Grove, Illinosis: Waveland Press, INC. Bohet, A.K. & Wadhwa, T. Beyond the prison walls: reforming through silence. Indian Psychology Institute. http://ipi.org.in/texts/nsip/nsip-full/toolika-tihar.html Doleschal, E. (1977). Rate and length of imprisonment: how does the united states compare with the netherlands, denmark , and sweden?. Crime & Delinquency, 23(1), p. 51 -56 http://cad.sagepub.com/content/23/1/51 doi: 10.117/001112877702300105

Cola Wars †the Carbonated Soft Drink Industry Porter Five Analysis Essay

The existing players in the soft drink industry have much advantage relative to new entrants. First, supply-side economy discourages new entrants by forcing them to enter the market in large scale. CSD’s demand side benefits of scale also makes it difficult for new entrants to be accepted by the public. In 2002, a survey found that 37% of respondents chose a CSD because it is their favorite brand, while only 10% said so about bottled water. This demonstrates CSD customers’ high brand loyalty and their lack of desire to buy from new entrants. In terms of capital requirement, concentrate manufacturers only requires $25~$50 million to set up a plant that can serve the entire United States of America. Yet, new entrants may have difficulties competing with major players’ well-established brands and their large scale unrecoverable (therefore, hard to finance) spending on advertising. There is also unequal access to bottlers and retail channels for newcomers. Most bottlers are in long-term contracts with major CSD brands; also, the largest distribution channel, supermarkets, consider CSD a â€Å"big traffic draw†, thus provide little to no shelf space for newcomers. In addition, strong fear of retaliation from major players also makes newcomers hesitate to enter. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Required inputs for CSD are mostly raw materials such as caramel coloring, phosphoric or citric acid, natural flavors, caffeine, and fructose. Almost all suppliers of the CSD industry provide undifferentiated commodities and thus have little bargaining power and almost no strength to integrate forward. Bargaining Power of Buyers End consumers and retail channels can both be considered as buyers in the CSD industry. End consumers are likely to have brand loyalty to their CSD as analyzed in threat of new entry. Thus, consumers are expected to continue purchasing a brand unless there is a significant price increase or substantial change in flavor. Consequently, end consumers have little bargaining power. Retail channels, on the other hand, have more bargaining leverage since they buy CSDs in much larger quantities than end consumers. Yet, for retail channels such as supermarkets (making up almost one third of all retail volume), CSDs are considered a â€Å"big traffic draw†, thus reducing its bargaining power. In addition, fountain outlets (making up another 23. 4% of retail channel) also have insignificant bargaining power since they rely on CSD companies’ heavy investment in dispensers, cups, point-of-sale advertising, and many other types of equipment. Threat of Substitutes CSDs are unique in terms of taste and properties. When a consumer craves CSD, it is difficult to find a replacement that can equally satisfy his or her desire. Even after CSD was identified as the â€Å"largest source of obesity-causing sugars in the American diet† in 2005, CSDs still â€Å"accounted for 73. 1% of U. S. non-alcoholic refreshment beverage volume (down from 80. 8% in 2000)† at around the same time. It is true that consumers are moving towards alternatives that have more natural flavors such as several tea-based drinks and bottled water; yet, CSD firms have quickly adapted to this shift and largely dominated the market of these alternatives. Rivalry Among Existing Competitors Even though rivalry among existing competitors – Coke, Pepsi, and Cadbury Schweppes seem intense, the profitability has not been weakened. This is largely because of the high concentration of competition and their focus on promotion, advertising, and other forms of branding instead of waging large-scale price wars. In a way, the success of Coke and Pepsi required the heavy competition on these dimensions. â€Å"Without Coke, Pepsi would have a tough time being an original and lively competitor. The more successful they (Coke) are, the sharper we (Pepsi) have to be. † says Roger Enrico, former CEO of Pepsi. The CSD industry profitability lies within the Cola War itself that forces major players to improve continuously. Through Porter’s five forces analysis, it becomes clear that CSD is so profitable because of the way its industry competition is shaped: high entry barriers due to newcomers’ unfavorable supply-side economies of scale, demand-side benefits of scale, and unrecoverable advertising spending; low bargaining power of suppliers and buyers since CSD requires mainly homogeneous commodities, buyers have high brand loyalty, and retailers rely heavily on CSD firms’ investments; well handled threat of substitutes; and healthy internal rivalry that is vital to continuous improvement.

Dove Marketing Analysis Essay

Imagine you have oversight of the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Are you comfortable with what is going on? Is this a brand that is out of control with its promotional messages? Dove released its first advertising on 1957, in which Dove called its product as â€Å"cleaning cream† instead of soap. After that, Dove launched some advertising to emphasized on its functional feature. In 2000, Dove became a Masterbrand of Unilever. In other words, it had to establish a meaning for Dove that could apply to and extend over the entire stable of products. In order to stand for a point of view, â€Å"The Campaign for Real Beauty† began to process. Then campaign focus on the self-esteem and confidence instead of appearances, it still could be include into female field. Just from external to inner, So Dove is not out of control with its promotional message. In my opinion, I am comfortable with Dove’s campaign due to the following reasons. First, Dove more concerned about women’s feeling and inner spirit. When the advertising plays too many shots on the beauty of girls, sometimes, the values and aesthetic of the society will be influence. Women and teenager girls would pay more money and time to fit their body. Therefore, Dove’s advertising will not add this misleading. Second, Dove choose YouTube and Blog as the major platform, it is a wise and trendy choice. Internet plays more and more important role in the modern life, especially the raise of the social networking. In the future, Dove has more opportunities to attract public and ahead of other companies. Third, Dove always guarantees the quality of ads. Their advertising is not a simple product promotion, but some interesting story and conversation. The products of Dove even do not need to be photographed. The consumers will remember such high-quality ad and are willing to share with others. Moreover, Dove’s Real Beauty campaign built a buzz and was widely exposed. People actively discussed the campaign through Internet and TV shows, even famous celebrities like Oprah Winfrey and Jay Leno talked about it in their TV shows. Though there were many parodies in the Internet, they were funny and generated more attentions on the brand. Last but not least, the campaign was contributed to the brand’s business growth and values. In 2006, Landor Associates identified Dove was one of the 10 brands with the greatest ercentage gain in brand health and business values. 2. Is Dove’s attempt to engender social engagement through its promotional campaigns too risky an endeavor given its lack of control over consumer parody and accusations of trying to sell under the pretense of contributing to the social good? In the business, every decision faced the profit and risk. Generally, th e greater the risks result in the greater rewards. The risks are as follow: Through the investigation, Dove found out that many women had discontent with the â€Å"young, white blonde and thin† models, because they could not attain that standard. Dove started the advertisement â€Å"Campaign for Real Beauty†, underlining their products will â€Å"feel better†, while other company always publicize â€Å"look beautiful† in the commercial. The risk is that whether or not the consumers understand and accept that change. On next stage, Dove was a very controversial event. Billboards were erected to vote on whether a woman on the billboard was â€Å"outsized† or â€Å"outstanding†. A counter showed the result. As a beauty brand, this campaign will attract public attention; simultaneously will challenge the brand cognitive. What’s more, Dove broke the traditional rule in the company and go forward without paid media at all. YouTube become the most important platform instead of television. When Dove made this decision, the risk is that maybe they will lose some traditional and classical consumers. Facing the negative responses, Dove did not ignore them, but positive embrace them. The company list both view in other medias and allow public to discuss these. They also sent interactive packages to media outlets to help spur the debate. Finally, Unilever established the global Dove Self-Esteem Fund to raise the self-esteem of girls and young women. Such activities give a support to the â€Å"Real Beauty†. Dove’s public relations channel strategy was to generate broad awareness for â€Å"The Campaign for Real Beauty† and establish an emotional connection with women. Therefore, a political figure or a major news organization or even a film is not as influence as an open dialogue. 3. After reviewing the blogs, what do the various discussions contribute to the meaning of the brand? There are mainly two opinions exists among the blogs. The supporters considered Dove’s Real Beauty campaign was an emotional touch from Dove to consumer. They thought the campaign has shed light on some important truths about the media’s unrealistic portrayals of women, and it’s important and necessary to send a health beauty message to the society. However, the criticisms thought that Dove is hypocritical and the campaign is just aimed to sell more products and gain more profits. The reason they thought Dove is hypocritical is because Dove comes from Unilever, which promotion young, thin and sexy woman in the Axe’s advertisements. They also criticized Dove’s advertisements had many untruthful details and inconsistent. What’s more, they thought the campaign has no major aspirational values attached to the product and was undermining the aspiration of consumers. Regardless of these different opinions towards the Real Beauty campaign, Dove’s brand name has successfully gone viral and drew a lot of attentions worldwide. People were spreading quickly the message of â€Å"Real Beauty† and they still continuously discuss it nowadays. This kind of exposure has extraordinary impact of Dove’s brand awareness and popularity. Therefore, it contributed to the brand’s long-term value and equity. Though there were many parodies exits in the Internet, for ordinary consumers, they might just remember how funny and interesting the parodies were, as well as the appealing â€Å"real beauty† messages that Dove tried to spread. It was a risk strategy for Dove, but as long as Dove manages its public relations and other advertisements carefully, consumers would still like Dove’s affordable good-quality products. The increasing sales growth of Dove could be a strong argument for it. Moreover, I think Dove was trying to be an inspirational brand to inspire positive self image among women. It successfully differentiated itself to other competitors. The Dove Self-Esteem Fund program was a plus to win over customers’ hearts. 4. Describe Dove’s brand management organization and the reason for it. Do you see any problems or issues that will result with this split-responsibility setup? In 2000, Dove was selected to be a Masterbrand and lent its name to Unilever entries in personal care categories. There are two split-responsibility groups in Dove’s brand management organization: Brand Development and Brand Building. Brand Development group charged with development of the brand, took responsibility for developing the idea behind the brand, developed the brand plan. It was accountable for medium-to long-term market share, for brand health, for measures of innovativeness, and for creating value in the category. It was centralized and global in scope. The other group Brand Building charged with building the brand in specific markets and was decentralized according to the major geographic regions in which Unilever operated. It was accountable for growth, profit, cash flow, and short-term market share. It managed public relations and informal communication. The pros of this split-responsibly setup brand management system are that the advertising messages could be more tailored to different markets. However, the problem might result with this split-responsibly system is the inconsistent management of the brand image. It’s a challenge for the two groups to balance between short-term values and long-term values for the brand. For example, the Brand Building group might develop an aggressive public relations strategy to generate attention in order to gain short-term market share, which might not be a smart move to build the brand’s long-term value and gain long-term market share.

Mesozoic Era - the Geologic Time Scale

Mesozoic Era - the Geologic Time Scale Following both the Precambrian Time and the Paleozoic Era on the Geologic Time Scale came the Mesozoic Era. The Mesozoic Era is sometimes called the age of the dinosaurs because dinosaurs were the dominant animals for much of the era. The Permian Extinction After the Permian Extinction wiped out over 95% of ocean-dwelling species and 70% of land species, the new Mesozoic Era began about 250 million years ago. The first period of the era was called the Triassic Period. The first big change was seen in the types of plants that dominated the land. Most of the species of plants that survived the Permian Extinction were plants that had enclosed seeds, like gymnosperms. The Paleozoic Era Since most of the life in the oceans became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic Era, many new species emerged as dominant. New types of corals appeared, along with water-dwelling reptiles. Very few types of fish remained after the mass extinction, but those that did survive flourished. On land, the amphibians and small reptiles like turtles were dominant during the early Triassic Period. By the end of the period, small dinosaurs began to emerge. The Jurassic Period After the end of the Triassic Period, the Jurassic Period began. Most of the marine life in the Jurassic Period stayed the same as it was in the Triassic Period. There were a few more species of fish that appeared, and toward the end of the period, crocodiles came into being. The most diversity occurred in plankton species. Land Animals Land animals during the Jurassic Period had more diversity. Dinosaurs got much bigger and the herbivorous dinosaurs ruled the Earth. At the end of the Jurassic Period, birds evolved from dinosaurs. The climate changed to more tropical weather with a lot of rain and humidity during the Jurassic Period. This allowed land plants to undergo a large evolution. In fact, jungles covered much of the land with many conifers in higher elevations. The Mesozoic Era The last of the periods within the Mesozoic Era was called the Cretaceous Period. The Cretaceous Period saw the rise of flowering plants on land. They were helped along by the newly formed bee species and the warm and tropical climate. Conifers were still really abundant throughout the Cretaceous Period as well. The Cretaceous Period   As for marine animals during the Cretaceous Period, sharks and rays became commonplace. The echinoderms that survived the Permian Extinction, like starfish, also became abundant during the Cretaceous Period. On land, the first small mammals started to appear during the Cretaceous Period. Marsupials evolved first, and then other mammals. More birds evolved, and reptiles got bigger. Dinosaurs were still dominant, and carnivorous dinosaurs were more prevalent. Another Mass Extinction At the end of the Cretaceous Period, and the end of the Mesozoic Era came another mass extinction. This extinction is generally called the K-T Extinction. The K comes from the German abbreviation for Cretaceous, and the T is from the next period on the Geologic Time Scale - the Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era. This extinction took out all dinosaurs, except birds, and many other forms of life on Earth. There are different ideas as to why this mass extinction occurred. Most scientists agree it was some sort of catastrophic event that caused this extinction. Various hypotheses include massive volcanic eruptions that shot dust into the air and caused less sunlight to reach the surface of the Earth causing photosynthetic organisms like plants and those who depended on them, to die off slowly. Some others believe a meteor hit causing the dust to block the sunlight. Since plants and animals that ate plants died off, this caused top predators like carnivorous dinosaurs to also perish.

Fdi in China Essay Example

Fdi in China Essay Example Fdi in China Essay Fdi in China Essay FDI in China Telecommunication Industry (Nokia in China) FDI are crucial part for developing and expanding the infrastructure in order to gain capital and new technology. Foreign direct investment can spark growth and create national wealth, but competition among companies, local and multinational alike, diffuses the benefits. Government policies designed to protect incumbents, high tariffs and joint-venture and local content requirements. China is success to attract investors to make FDI in Mainland China while other countries are facing a number of challenges and downturns. In 2003 China received US$53. 5 billion out of a global total of US$560 billion and in 2002 received US$52. 7 billion out of US$580 billion beating United States as the first place recipient. China performance is anomalous but may also be instructive in gauging the determinant of FDI in emerging markets. There are two keys in Chinas success, first is their tightly-knit political system, involving closely-knit business government networks of influence which is close to the optimal conditions of property rights provision. Second, is although the overall size of FDI is quite high but China does not yet allow FDI into basic telecommunication service provision, this condition is totally different with others developing countries. The credible commitments are also made China can expand networks and increased the FDI. China makes reasonably strong commitments even though it only has a weak domestic liberalization program. China acceded to the WTO on December 11, 2001 and made commitments in goods and services including telecommunications. : Prior to the accession, China allowed joint ventures with foreign company in equipment manufacturing and infrastructure building, and invited portfolio investments in mobile telephony and Internet-related arms. The accession agreement allows joint ventures for Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Beijing in value-added services upto 30%, and up to 25% for basic (terrestrial and wireless) voice and data services. The geographical restrictions are removed and foreign equity caps raised to 49% or 50% for value-added services within two years of accession, within three years for mobile and data services, and within six years for domestic and international services. This event also triggered a huge investment of monetary and human R;D capital. Many foreign investors came to China announced to have establishment or expansion in China R;D center. The increasing total amount of FDI to China can be seen as the following table (Summarized from People’s Daily, International Trade Daily, and China Daily). Company| Date of Announcement| Size of the new R;D center| Nokia| November, 2001| 500 researchers, it is the second Nokia’s R;D center in China| Motorola| November, 2001| It is the Motorola’s 19th R;D center in China. In the next 5 years inChina, Motorola will increase its researchers up to 5000 and invest1. 3 billion dollars in R;D activities. | Microsoft| January, 2002| 100 full-time researchers and several hundreds visiting researchersand engineering students. | Honda| January, 2002| $17 million investment| GE| February, 2002| 400 researchersIt is the third largest R;D center of GE. | Honeywell| March, 2002| 30 researchers| NEC| March, 2002| 50 researchers (up to 500 researchers by 2005)The size of this telecommunication R;D center is only behind itscounterpart in NEC’s headquarters. | Oracle| March, 2002| 100 staff membersIt will become Oracle’s strongest R;D base outside the UnitedStates within five years. | Japan Koito Manufacturing| April, 2002| $12 million investment| Sun Microsystem| April, 2002| Sun will shift 10 per cent of its R;D work to this Chinese center. Hewlett-Packard| May, 2002| 200 researchers (up to 2000 researchers in 5 years)| Ericsson| May, 2002| It is Ericsson’s 7th R;D center in China| Dell| July, 2002| 270 researchers initially, growing to 1,000 in the next few years. | As we can see at the table above, the investment is mostly come from telecommunication industry like Nokia, Motorola, Ericsson, and Hewlett-Packard. Telecommunications indust ry developed at a high speed in China. The development was triggered by the large amount of foreign investors came to China. This situation stimulates the Chinese government to keep developing a telecommunication infrastructures and technologies in a great pace. Telecommunication companies like Nokia, Motorola, and Ericsson used this opportunities to expand their companies. The development for opening networks in telecommunication industry was started from 1990s. Number of telecommunications lines rose from 12 million in 1990s to 170 million in 2000. In the early 1990s when analogue cell phone held sway, the Chinese market was monopolized by a single transnational corporation, Motorola, and at that time Chinese consumers were paying high prices to use brick-like mobile phones produced by that company. After a digital mobile telecommunications network was established in China in 1994, Nokia Ericsson, and some others quickly expanded their production in China, and the monopoly of Motorola began to shake. In 1996, Ericsson become the largest cell phone producer in China with a 37% share of the Chinese market, but two years later it was replaced by Nokia whose market share reached 36%. Nokia in China Nokia opened its first office in Beijing in 1985. The reasons for NMP to enter the Chinese market for mobile phones as late as 1995 had to do with the size of the market. The main reason being that the mobile phone subscriber base was slow to develop. The number of users in 1992 was less than 50. 000 (Collins et al. , 1999, p. 10). Subscriptions had a quick and rapid take off after the economy opened for FDI and trade in China since mid-1990s. Between 1992-1995 the number of subscriptions grew by 400%. The rapid growth of a new middle class is also a sign for mobile phone manufacturers. China’s rate of telephone coverage was in the early 1990s the lowest in the world. This had also to do with the lack of proper and functioning mobile phone networks. The Ministry of Posts and telecommunication (MPT) announced instead of developing landlines to develop wireless solutions, which boosted the market for both networks and later on mobile phone sales China currently the second largest market for Nokia after United States. Nokia has currently two units in China producing mobile phones. One unit is located in Beijing and the other in Dongguan. In 1986 it sold the first NMT450 analogue cellphone system in China, which was a landmark for the beginning a long lasting success. Nokia began to sell GSM in China in 1991. By the end of 2001, Nokia has invested a total of 2. 3 billion Euro (nearly $2 billion) in China and established itself as a strong contender in the mobile phone market. The company has twenty-two local offices, eight joint ventures and a research centre, total employees amount to 5. 500. Nokia is the second largest mobile phone supplier in China after Motorola, with a market share of 30% (situation at end of 2001). Nokias winning strategy in China lies in unique product design, combined with functionality and ease of use. The company offers a broad range of mobile phones to accommodate different needs and tastes. In addition, the company has developed an extensive reseller network with 900 outlets throughout China. Nokia is also a pioneer in new generation mobile technologies including GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). Nokia has invested heavily in China, and one new manufacturing facility located in the Beijing area has brought about 15,000 jobs (Li, 2002). Foreignowned, export-oriented enterprises have sharply increased income and benefit levels since foreign firms usually pay more and offer more comprehensive benefit packages than local Chinese-owned firms (Angresano and Zhang, 2000). In 2001 Nokia opened a Xing Wang (StarNet) International Industrial Park with a Chinese partner. The 10 billion Yuan ($1. 2 billion) park will be used to manufacture Nokia handsets and other products by attracting part suppliers and other companies in the world. Nokia has also seven joint ventures and two product development units in China. This situation prevailed at the end of 2001. The Nokia networks division has 6 joint ventures in China (of which 3 production units). Nokia Ventures Organization has one joint venture in China for the production of multi-media terminals. Nokia’s two production units in China and one located in South Korea primarily produce units for the Asian markets. In February 2002 there existed around 145 million mobile phone users in China. It has been estimated that the number of users will increase with up to 55 million new subscribers during 2002. China is the largest market for mobile phones in the world. In the end of April 2002 the number of users had reached 167 million. China has become the key growth-market for mobile phone makers and telecom-network providers (HO 2001). The opening of the Chinese market and China’s membership in the WTO in 2001 together with the economic growth have been boosting this development. Nokia announces that it expects over 20% growth in sold mobile phone units in China during 2002 compared to the previous year. If this is the case Nokia will expand much more than its competitors. The estimated growth of the Chinese mobile phone market is 10-15%. This is an impressive estimate especially if we consider the size of the market. Until 2010 Nokia still held the market share in China with 31%. The company sold 70. 7 million mobile phones and China has become Nokia’s largest consumption market in the world. Nokia also made a joint-venture with Siemens established Nokia Siemens Networks that providing infrastructure and telecommunication equipment. This company has many competitive advantages, advanced technology which telecommunication industry needs it to developing the networks and technology like building infrastructure for 3G or 4G technology. Nokia Siemens Networks was doing a great business in China. Nokia Siemens Networks latest financial report shows that during the forth quarter of 2010, its net sales in the Greater China region reached EUR506 million, a year-on-year increase of 20% and an increase of 63% compared with the previous quarter. According to the report, the companys total net sales in the reporting period was EUR3. 961 billion, an increase of 9% compared with the same period in 2009. In addition, its annual worldwide sales reached EUR12. billion. Due to the strong business growth and the improvement of consumer confidence in the Chinese mobile communication industry, Nokia Siemens Networks net sales in the Greater China region reached EUR1. 451 billion during the entire year of 2010, a year-on-year increase of 3. 9%. In April 2010, Nokia Siemens Networks signed agreements with China Mobile and China Unicom, respectively, selling EUR750 million 2G and 3G mobile network equipment and solutions to the two Chi nese telecom operators. In China Mobiles IMS platform bidding, Nokia Siemens Networks became the provider for China Mobiles Beijing, Xinjiang, Jiangxi, and Yunnan branches. By 2010, Nokia Siemens Networks had completed the distribution of its TD-LTE industry chain, covering research and development, manufacturing, procurement, sales, services, and tests. Conclusions and Recommendation Mobile phone production and marketing is presently undergoing a repositioning phase globally. The first rapid growth of mobile phone markets in the core economies of the world has come to a halt. New growth possibilities can be found in emerging economies and in transition economies, notably so in China. Asia is currently the world’s largest single market area for mobile phones. The East-Asian region has also become the largest single market area for FDI for mobile phone manufacturers. In this development there was a take-off stage in the mid-1990s, which increased during the latter part of the century. China opened up its telecommunication equipment market almost two decades ago (Ho, 2001). It has opened up even more since it has joined the WTO in 2001, which probably will boost investments and trade further. Many joint ventures have been established and the Chinese are keen to learn and develop their own industries, as well as their own position as a service provider as well. The telecom and mobile industry is one key industry in developing the country. China has also jumped over the building phase of wired telecommunications to direct mobile communication. Recommendations for the future include the following(Zhang, 1998): 1. Continue to keep China’s open door policy to FDI and MNCs in the long run; 2. MNCs should receive similar treatment to locally owned businesses and special treatment should be restricted in thelong run; 3. Using the positive effects of FDI to adjust the economicstructure; and 4. Using FDI as a weapon to promote domestic reform and aid locally owned businesses. In conclusion, due to the positive effects of FDI investment on Chinese economy, Chinese government should continue to keep its open door policy to FDI and MNCs in the future. However, feasible measures should be taken to limit the disadvantages on domestic businesses. The foreign investment policy should be considered as a supplemental part of the domestic development policy. The opening to FDI andMNC investment should be carried out simultaneously. Special treatment should not be given to MNCs. Rather, the local firms should be given the same treatment and the administrative constraints on the domestic stateowned- enterprises should be gradually eliminated. Reference Collins, D, T. , T. Hogberg-Petersen, C. Stuart ; R. Wetstone (1999), â€Å"Nokia Mobile Phones: Connecting Countries. A Lesson in International Strategy†. May 13, 1999, Yale School of Management. Available http:www. yale. edu/nordic/reading_room/nokia. htm. Ho, S-C (2001), â€Å"The Prospects of Foreign Investment in China’s Mobile Services Market in the Post-WTO Era†, (Dept. of Information Management, Shun-Te University. Available econs. ecel. uwa. edu. au/economics/Links/papers/aces_ho_sc. pdf. Xiaojuan, Jiang (2004). FDI in China Contributions to Growth, Restructuring, and Competitiveness. Zhang, Fan. August, 1998). The Impact of Multinational Enterprises on Economic Structure and Efficiency in China. China Center for Economic Research, Peking University. The Washington Center for China Studies (WCCS). www. goliath. ecnext. com/ /product-compint-0001142564-page. html www. chinatechnews. com/ /13058-nokia-siemens-networks-sales-in-china-up-20-in-q4-2010 investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/ /snapshot. a sp?. FDI in China Telecommunication Industry (Nokia in China) By: Jo Hansen Subject: Chinese Foreign Trade and FDI Lecturer: Huang, Xiao Ling

Word Choice Brake vs. Break - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Brake vs. Break - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Brake vs. Break â€Å"Brake† and â€Å"break† sound identical. Both words can be a noun or a verb. They’re even anagrams of one another! But when it comes to their meanings, these terms are entirely distinct. How, then, can you be sure that you’re using â€Å"brake† and â€Å"break† correctly? Check out our guide to make sure your writing is always error free. Brake (Slow Down or Stop) Used as a verb (i.e., an action word) â€Å"brake† means â€Å"slow down or stop a vehicle.† For instance: The car braked before it hit the curb. As a noun, a â€Å"brake† is a device used to stop or slow down a vehicle: Always check your car’s emergency brake before a long journey. We can also use this word figuratively when not discussing vehicles. For example, if we pause a project that is underway to do more planning, we might say that we are â€Å"putting the brakes on it.† Break (Damage, Violate or Interrupt) â€Å"Break† actually has several meanings. As a verb, it can mean to: Damage or destroy something (e.g., It will break if you drop it†¦) Violate a law or promise (e.g., I would never break an oath†¦) Interrupt or end something (e.g., Let’s break for lunch†¦) Reveal something or make it public (e.g., To break news†¦) It is worth noting that the simple past tense and past participle forms of this verb are â€Å"broke† and â€Å"broken† respectively, not â€Å"breaked.† This is because â€Å"break† is an irregular verb. As a noun, meanwhile, a â€Å"break† can be a: Point of damage (e.g., We repaired it at the break†¦) Pause or interruption (e.g., Take regular breaks while writing†¦) Gap or opening in something (e.g., We ran for the break in the tree line†¦) A vacation or holiday (e.g., He went to Cancun for spring break†¦) The word â€Å"break† also features in a number of phrases, such as â€Å"breaking bad.† These can be tricky if you’re not a native English speaker, but keep an ear out for how they are used and don’t be afraid to look up unfamiliar phrases. Brake or Break? These terms have so many meanings between them that it can get confusing! However, the word â€Å"brake† is always related to slowing something down or stopping it (both as a verb and a noun). If you are dealing with any other situation, the correct word will be â€Å"break.† Remember: Brake (verb) = To slow down or stop Brake (noun) = A device for slowing a vehicle down Break (verb) = To damage, violate, or interrupt something Break (noun) = A point of damage, a pause, or a vacation

Media questions Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media questions - Movie Review Example Since, besides the son’s attire, universal talk and dad’s military cap, the entire setting is more of a residential than that of a military. The strategically absent aspect in the video is the military setting, which ought to align with the young person’s attire and even the Video’s universal talk regarding the benefits of joining the army Formal appetites created encompass the desire of an individual to be strong, self-driven and confidence (Ott & Mack 151). This is evident in the manner in which both parents and the young person esteem these traits, which to present the beneficiary seems to enjoy. These benefits or traits (strong, self-driven individual and confidence) also share the same structural resemblances with the video especially from the narrative perspective, which offers the content of the video. For illustration, the young person confesses that initially when he was joining the Army, he had no clue about it. However, after the training and strict discipline, he has emerged being supremely confident about himself besides having other traits. The narrative praises the benefits attributed with joining the US Army especially among the young people. Since, after meticulous training and strict adherence of its discipline one emerges to be a morally upright and a reliable person, which is evident from the young man’s mother. Hence, advert calls upon all the parents not to disapprove their children’s suggestion regarding joining the army because besides shaping them to be good, it also makes them become â€Å"Strong†. The narration mode is calm besides a strong voice from the advert, which calls upon the parents to heed their children’s suggestions regarding joining the Army (Ott & Mack 113). In addition, the characters involved in the video, which is the entire family support the conclusion of the person voice who is presenting

Stats28 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stats28 - Essay Example The correlation between amount of TV with violent content and amount of violent behavior is an example of ____. 2. For each of the following, determine whether the sample provides enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant, nonzero correlation in the population.   In each case, use a two-tailed test with ÃŽ ± = .05. For a two-tailed test with ÃŽ ± = .05, critical value of r with df = 16 is  ±0.468. r = -0.50 is less than -0.468. Thus, the sample provides enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant, nonzero correlation in the population.   For a two-tailed test with ÃŽ ± = .05, critical value of r with df = 13 is  ±0.514. r = -0.50 is greater than -0.514. Thus, the sample does not provide enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant, nonzero correlation in the population.   For a two-tailed test with ÃŽ ± = .05, critical value of r with df = 28 is  ±0.361. r = -0.375 is less than -0.361. Thus, the sample provides enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant, nonzero correlation in the population.   For a two-tailed test with ÃŽ ± = .05, critical value of r with df = 23 is  ±0.396. r = -0.50 is less than -0.396. Thus, the sample provides enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant, nonzero correlation in the population.   4. A professor obtains SAT scores and freshman grade point averages (GPAs) for a group of n = 15 college students.   The SAT scores have a mean of M = 580 with SS = 22,400, and the GPAs have a mean of 3.10 with SS = 1.26, and SP = 84. a.   A geneticist might wonder if there is a tendency for tall fathers to have tall sons and short fathers to have short sons.   Answer this question by computing the appropriate statistic and testing it for statistical significance.   (Hint:   The statistic will be much easier to compute if you subtract 40 from each of the scores.   Doing so will not affect the value of the

The use of gaming in e-Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The use of gaming in e-Learning - Essay Example Other factors such as the quality of the sound and visual features, and the element of drama in a game influence how well it is perceived by users. One case study, that of the Monkey Wrench Conspiracy did appear to be very popular with users, and to have valuable outcomes for the company who used it. The Case study answered a number of key questions about e-Learning: †¢ Will gaming prove to have more interactivity than the normal e-learning provided by organizations? The company had experienced some difficulty in training staff in the use of design software, and this e-Learning program succeeded in persuading staff to solve little interactive puzzles in an imaginary aliens-in-space scenario. The game was loosely linked which means that tasks were set to be completed outside the framework of the game. The challenge of solving the problems did not affect game progress in a direct way, but the game did provide a goal setting and framing structure, with an entertaining narrative, that encouraged users to follow through to the end. †¢ Will gaming be more cost effective than other methods? In this case study the game program was free to use, since it had a marketing as well as a training function. The cost of running it was therefore small, but on the other hand the cost of monitoring the results was rather higher, since there was no way of measuring how well users completed the task unless this happened in a separate context outside the game.

Inter War years (Between 1st and 2nd World War) Research Paper

Inter War years (Between 1st and 2nd World War) - Research Paper Example Overall this era set the foundation for what was to come ahead in form of Second world war and the cold war that followed afterwards. The inter war period can be termed as bridge era between the two major wars. It had its economic impacts, political, geographical and almost all important factors that determine the fate of any nation and region. This era can be stretched from the November 1918 and the most notable of those months and event was the Treaty of Versailles (Slavicek 2010), which according to many critiques and historians served as the reason towards the Second World War. The treaty of Versailles had its own importance and impact on the history. This treaty was full of many clauses and aspects which left deep animosity in the hearts of Germans. The lone clause of â€Å"war guilt† ( Ringer 2005, 72) served more severe than any. This clause had political, geographical as well as strategic repercussions. Areas of strategic importance were taken from Germany, large repar ations were imposed on them, their military might was cut to pieces and various other aspects which left bitter feeling in the hearts of Germans and made them resolve them taking revenge in upcoming years. The sick man of Europe, Turkey and the Ottoman Empire was on its last leg, and these days served its ending season. The empire officially came to an end (Al-Rasheed 2002, 2). As a result of defeat and ultimately treaty, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Turkey was reduced to a small unit. Turkey the former Ottoman Empire had to cede many areas and areas like Cyprus and Mesopotamia were separated from the Mega Empire and United Kingdom performed the honors and over took these areas. Other event that took place in parallel was that of creation of Irish state. While revolts and unrest had erupted couple of years back, but it has to settle down only at the end of the war, when Great Britain finally gave up to the demand of Irish people and allowed it creating its own borders and state with its over sovereign government and representation. Other notable event that took place the rise of Egypt and new state development in that part. While it had remained a colony and an occupied land in the 19th century under Napoleon and remained a land of strategic importance, eventually became independent from the status of British colony. The establishment of League of Nations was another major event that took place during the inter war period (Sengupta 2008, 173). The aim of this entity was to ensure no war of similar sort takes place again, it did pass number of resolutions, made some treaties, interventions were introduced, yet it could not live up to the expectation and seeing in a longer run, League of nation could not revert the deadly war that was awaiting the world and humanity. The Russian revolution in the name of socialism came into full force as well ((Smele 2006). This was the period of 1923 to 1924. As it is being said, that the first causality of war is humanity, it was the case in this regard as well. Much was invested over the military might, and the human suffering was exposed both in from of war and the inter period where the mighty nations spent more on ensuring mighty military than helping the poor. The soviet republic was a worse example in this regard and human suffering w

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Final Exam - Essay Example Homosexuals and lesbians are allowed to adopt children, while this was never acceptable before the 19th century. Americans came to realize that dissent is good for the nation. Through opposition, the country can identify the areas that need change, and the right direction through which the change should be guided. Eventually, American culture evolved into various subcultures based on people’s opinions and practices. American culture became heterogeneous. This paper will describe how the modern changes of the late 19th and 20th centuries contributed to a fragmented and heterogeneous culture. In the early 19th century backwards to the early centuries, the society was divided into two sections; between the rich and the poor. There were physical divisions as well as divisions based on values and ideas. The rich thought that they were untouchable, and it was the responsibility of the poor man to take a lower position in the society, for him to be rich and stay on top. The rich thought that the poor had no right to fight for freedom or try to get rich. The society according to them was perfect as it was. They had accumulated enough wealth to keep them on top for periods of time. Any grievances by the poor people were considered a nuisance, ridiculous, and an obstacle to achieving the aims of the rich. A rich person, for example, in the 1880s or even before, could have had aims of building a new home or constructing new working sites. Workers’ strikes at the time would be a nuisance because they disrupted the progress of such projects. To them, whatever the poor were fighting for was impossible. The perception of strikes at the time is that strikes were a nuisance; they were a waste of the employers’ time and money. They were a threat to the society. The perception of strikes in the current society, however, is different. It is viewed as people fighting for their rights and it is also considered legally right. The class structure in the early centuries

Inter War years (Between 1st and 2nd World War) Research Paper

Inter War years (Between 1st and 2nd World War) - Research Paper Example Overall this era set the foundation for what was to come ahead in form of Second world war and the cold war that followed afterwards. The inter war period can be termed as bridge era between the two major wars. It had its economic impacts, political, geographical and almost all important factors that determine the fate of any nation and region. This era can be stretched from the November 1918 and the most notable of those months and event was the Treaty of Versailles (Slavicek 2010), which according to many critiques and historians served as the reason towards the Second World War. The treaty of Versailles had its own importance and impact on the history. This treaty was full of many clauses and aspects which left deep animosity in the hearts of Germans. The lone clause of â€Å"war guilt† ( Ringer 2005, 72) served more severe than any. This clause had political, geographical as well as strategic repercussions. Areas of strategic importance were taken from Germany, large repar ations were imposed on them, their military might was cut to pieces and various other aspects which left bitter feeling in the hearts of Germans and made them resolve them taking revenge in upcoming years. The sick man of Europe, Turkey and the Ottoman Empire was on its last leg, and these days served its ending season. The empire officially came to an end (Al-Rasheed 2002, 2). As a result of defeat and ultimately treaty, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Turkey was reduced to a small unit. Turkey the former Ottoman Empire had to cede many areas and areas like Cyprus and Mesopotamia were separated from the Mega Empire and United Kingdom performed the honors and over took these areas. Other event that took place in parallel was that of creation of Irish state. While revolts and unrest had erupted couple of years back, but it has to settle down only at the end of the war, when Great Britain finally gave up to the demand of Irish people and allowed it creating its own borders and state with its over sovereign government and representation. Other notable event that took place the rise of Egypt and new state development in that part. While it had remained a colony and an occupied land in the 19th century under Napoleon and remained a land of strategic importance, eventually became independent from the status of British colony. The establishment of League of Nations was another major event that took place during the inter war period (Sengupta 2008, 173). The aim of this entity was to ensure no war of similar sort takes place again, it did pass number of resolutions, made some treaties, interventions were introduced, yet it could not live up to the expectation and seeing in a longer run, League of nation could not revert the deadly war that was awaiting the world and humanity. The Russian revolution in the name of socialism came into full force as well ((Smele 2006). This was the period of 1923 to 1924. As it is being said, that the first causality of war is humanity, it was the case in this regard as well. Much was invested over the military might, and the human suffering was exposed both in from of war and the inter period where the mighty nations spent more on ensuring mighty military than helping the poor. The soviet republic was a worse example in this regard and human suffering w

Lawsuits against Counselors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lawsuits against Counselors - Essay Example In 2001, a high school counselor was sued because a student claimed he was told a particular English class was accredited, but he later lost his scholarship because it wasn't. The guidance counselor denied giving the student that advice, but the courts ruled in favor of the student. Karla Scoon Reid's news report reads, "A high school counselor can be sued for dispensing academic advice that has an adverse effect on a student." In this instance, the counselor could have saved himself the trouble by double-checking to make sure the class was properly accredited, especially since it was new to the high school's curriculum. With recent allegations having come forth regarding Catholic priests and molestation/rape, it is no wonder that failure to report child abuse is a huge faux pas. Child abuse charges that need to be reported are not only ones of a sexual nature, but also physical abuse. As well, clergy counselors are especially susceptible. A website report on clergy counselors reads, "At least nine states have permitted adults who were abused as children to sue clergy counselors (para. 1)." Since each state has different laws, counselors who are made aware of child abuse need to stay updated on exactly what allegations need to be reported, and which officials are appropriate to contact in each specific case. The most common cause of lawsuits against counselors, perhaps, is failure to prevent suicide.

The Madding Crowd Essay Example for Free

The Madding Crowd Essay Far From the Madding Crowd was written by Thomas Hardy in 1874. It was his fourth novel and first appeared as a monthly serial in Cornhill magazine. It received critical reviews but mostly positive notes too. Hardy continued to add to his texts extensively and made further changes for the 1901 edition. Hardy stresses in his text the happiness of the time period in which the story was set. He did this in order to gain the audiences interests and to make sure the story line held a permanent place in the monthly magazine. He achieved this by using the audiences imagination to such an extent as they were to imagine a life in the country side, which was regarded peaceful and tranquil. His targeted audience were people living in cities who wanted to hear about the rural paradise that he so successfully describes. Whilst Hardys Dorset was only partially reality and partially fictional, it was still the life of the 17th century which he displayed in his novel. In some way, hardy makes the reader oblivious to the reality of life in the country in that period of time, which was in fact a time of hardship, starvation and squallier conditions. The Story is based mainly around the timid and unstable love shared between the two main characters Gabrielle Oak and Bathsheba Everdene. It is love at first sight for Gabriel from the very first moment he sets eyes on this dark haired beauty sat stationary on a mound of goods. Although clearly taken aback by her clear display of vanity as she, seemingly for no understandable reason, took a looking glass to survey herself attentively, he looks back on the experience fondly, which just proves how enthralled he is by her. I find this unique quality Bathsheba posses extraordinary; she seems to have Gabriel enticed even before being properly acquainted with him. Bathshebas vain, independent and certainly wild personality is very eccentric and unusual for that time period. Also considering her ranking in social status is at first not very high but yet she accomplishes to not only mix with higher status members but also tease and be rather cheeky towards them too. She was quoted wild before she was rich! This just confirms how much of a misfit she is for that era. Hardy sets it like a mad game of cat and mouse between them, where Gabriel is persistently jumping through hoops and bending over backwards to satisfy Bathsheba, and sticks by her and stays loyal to her by everything they go through. She dangles herself in front of him at every opportunity, showing herself off as his prize, but however hard Gabriel works he never seems to get any closer to his most desired possession; Bathsheba. The audience is made to travel alongside Gabrielle and Bathshebas journey of love which suffers tremendous ups and downs and misconceptions. Hardy makes clear at the beginning of their relationship who is superior and most dominant. Bathshebas first encounter with Gabriel is very brief but momentous. When Gabriel generously steps in to pay the twopence toll that Bathsheba so stubbornly refuses to part with, he receives in return no more than a backward glance. she carelessly glanced over him, and told her man to drive on. How she passes without showing the slightest bit of gratitude makes it seem like such acts are standard procedure and nothing deviant to Bathsheba. Having set out to satisfy her and possibly earn a fragment of compassion, Gabriel actually achieves the reverse and irritates her if anything. By paying her toll he had taken away the point Bathsheba had been fighting for and given in to the miser. The way she glanced over Gabriel not stared or gawped over him gives a sense of flirtatiousness which is very alluring. Also how she looked over him illustrates control and power. A few nights later Gabriel is encapsulated by an unexpected performance in which he witnesses secretly in his hut. It is evident that the instant he catches Bathsheba riding hard, in the manner hardly expected of a woman, whilst avoiding the low hanging branches and in the very revealing position she rides in, that his self control shatters to the point that he falls for the books heroine. Soon after, when Gabriel naively admits to having witnessed this incident, Bathsheba shows to be exceedingly irritated and fractious, but presumably above all embarrassed. Just to think that Gabriel would be awoken a few nights to come by the succulent lips of Bathsheba, not in the way that he so longingly yearned for, but in the course of saving him from the jaws of death. For that era it would have been a great act to have carried out, as their accustomed ways then where that men tended for everything and women played no major role. Even in this day it would be seen as a grand undertaking, for we seldom hear about female saviours, normally they are all heroes (MEN). Gabriel achieves to wind up Bathsheba once again as a result of his juvenile behaviour. Just as they finally manage to accept a slight level of intimacy with each other, Gabriel, being his usual untactful self, succeeds into stepping straight into the next puddle of misfortune. Instead of holding her hand when she permits him to, he held it but an instant before returning to her. This shows how shy any timid Gabriel is in the presence of Bathsheba. On the other hand reveals how playful and cheeky Bathsheba likes to be. I think that although the whole time Gabriel has been fighting and waiting for the time that he can share intimate moments with her, now it is actually here and his chance lies in front of him, he doesnt know how to act and suddenly turns shy and becomes slightly reserved. In the Victorian days, such behaviour would not be expectable, for a woman (especially not of her social class) to be cheeky and play games with a man. As then women were to respect men and do as they were told. Whereas nowadays we are much more open about things like this and would not be atypical behaviour at all but just ordinary flirtatiousness between two people.

Young Parenthood And Teen Fathers Social Work Essay

Young Parenthood And Teen Fathers Social Work Essay Much of the researches available on young parenthood have focused on the experiences of teenage mothers and mainly those separated from the young fathers. Subsequently, efforts have been made to ascertain the proportional involvement of fathers in various aspects of parenting and the distinctive contributions of fathers (knight et. Al, 2006). There are significant gaps in the provision of service for teenage fathers (Cater et al 2006). Practitioners wishing to offer support for the young fathers face a number of barriers such as the difficultly in finding young fathers, the lack of adequate support for young fathers when they are identified, complicated family issues, educational difficulties and the negative attitudes of individual professionals. Despite the growing research on young fathers, there remains a dearth of research that recognises the wide diversity of young fatherhood and the different needs young fathers may have (e.g. young fathers in care, young fathers in prison, non-resident fathers, young fathers from ethnic minority groups). Young fathers are invisible as a group, yet they are more likely to require support services and be affected by unemployment, poor housing, and a lack of education (Speak et al., 1997). It is therefore not surprising that little is known about the expectations and experiences of young fathers in accessing support and the barriers they face. The study arose from the observation that there is limited information available in current research on the views and experiences of young fathers in Outer London Borough. Much of the research that is available on young parents focuses on the experiences of young mothers. This study sought to establish, from the perspective of young fathers and the organisations that worked with them their expectations and experiences in accessing support and the effectiveness of the support available. Research questions How accessible and effective are the support available to young fathers in meeting their socio-economic needs in Outer London Borough? Aims The aims of my research are: to identify which organisations are offering support to young fathers and how they worked with them; to explore young fathers view of support available to them and the obstacles they face in accessing it; to establish, from the view point of young fathers and the organisations that worked with them the effectiveness of the support. Research methodology The qualitative paradigm aims to understand the social world from the viewpoint of respondents, through detailed descriptions of their cognitive and symbolic actions, and through the richness of meaning associated with observable behavior (Wildemuth, 1993). The research would be undertaken using the following qualitative research techniques: Desk scoping. Structured interviews with young fathers and service providers. Case study review of projects and initiatives that provide practical support to young fathers. Desk Scoping Desk Scoping focused on investigating into the existing evidence. This included searching the following sources: An extensive search was made of all relevant databases, libraries and journals for literature sources pertaining to the project issue. In addition a comprehensive review of internet based literature and resources were made. Using the London South Bank University library online resources via http://library.lsbu.ac.uk, ASSIA (Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts), an electronic resource, was searched, 51 results were found using the term young parenthood (search was from 2001 to current), 33 results were found using the term teenage father (search was from 2002 to current to reduce the search result to a manageable number) and 9 results were found using the terms young father and support. ASSIA covers English language journals in applied social sciences and includes health, economics, social issues social policy, organisational behaviour and communication. Relevant governmental organisations websites were searched for information gathering. As relevant reports were identified through these avenues, the references within these reports were followed as a way of further identifying relevant research reports. Interviews The most common forms of collecting qualitative data are participant observation and in-depth interviewing (Kenworth, Snowley Gilling 2004). Cohen Manion (1993) interviews are initiated by the reviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research-relevant information and focused by (her or) him on content specified by research objectives of systematic description, prediction or explanation. 7 semi-structured interviews will be conducted with service delivery personnel from those organisations offering specialist support to young fathers (social services, connexions, parenting support, parentingUK, first housing, health agency, and employment support). These interviews would be conducted by telephone to identify common/different support practices and to evaluate their perceived effectiveness. In addition to the interviews, local service providers would take part in informal meetings. Some would be interviewed at the start of the study and provide information on the local context. Others would provide ongoing dialogue during the time of the study, particularly those from maternity services in the study localities. A roundtable dissemination event would be held towards the end of the study to discuss findings and their relevance for local practice and policy. A minimum of 10 semi-structured interviews would be held with young fathers (young fathers in care, young fathers in prison, non-resident fathers and young fathers from ethnic minority groups) who have either received or not received support. Due to the delicate nature of these interviews and the potential vulnerability of the participants, an appropriate qualified researcher, following the strictest ethical guidelines, will sensitively conduct interview. Prior to any interviews, the researcher will update their Child Protection Training to ensure that s/he is fully aware of current relevant issues. The core themes to be explored through the structured interviews are: identifying the support needs of young fathers; local services available to young fathers, both practical and emotional; partnership working among agencies that provide young fathers with support; opportunities and challenges to providing practical support to young fathers. Interview will be conducted in the participants homes and supported by adult family member or friend. Parental/guardian consent will be confirmed prior to the interview and all interviews will be recorded digitally. Data will be held in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998. Their names and other identifying information would be anonymised in the presentation of finding. The young people taking part would be assured in writing and verbally that the narratives they shared would be treated in confidence and that confidentiality would be breached only in the event of disclosure or child protection concerns being revealed regarding issues not already known to the relevant agencies. A semi-structured interview will be used by the same researcher to ensure consistency; all interviews will be digitally recorded with consent and lasted between 20 and 60 minutes. Digital recording the interviews would enhance the reliability of the interview. Using semi-structured interviews in this study enables the interviewer to be guided by the participant who should be encouraged to talk freely, even though the interviewer may have certain points to cover. Participant will be recruited in the following way: Young fathers who have used organisations offering specialist (social services, connexions, parenting support, parentingUK, first housing, health agency, and employment support) support will be contacted via a list to be provided by the agencies and invited to join the study only after securing the young persons agreement and parental/guardian consent. For others who have not used specialist services, would be recruited through their childrens mothers or via local contacts and word of mouth. Young fathers will be encouraged to participate in the study, through awarding a  £10 ASDA voucher to all participants. Should sufficient participants be identified, selection through criteria including age, gender and ethnicity type will be made to ensure a broad representation of demographic groups. Case Study To explore in more depth the experiences of young fathers and to understand more fully the practice of those organisations offering activities to young fathers, three case studies were reviewed. These case studies are examples of projects or initiatives that provide practical support to young fathers. The aim of the review was to explore the range of approaches that have been developed to support the practical needs of young fathers, highlighting successes, challenges faced and lessons learned. The findings reported here centre mainly on the experiences of becoming and being a father from the viewpoints of the young men involved in the case studies. Additionally the report includes some young womens perspectives on the young men as fathers. Research design It is anticipated that in order to complement existing longitudinal survey data, the current study will employ primarily qualitative methods to explore the young fathers expectations and experiences in accessing support and the effectiveness of the support they receive. The aim of a qualitative researcher is to explore peoples experiences, feelings and beliefs so that statements about how people interpret and structure their lives can be made (Holloway Wheeler 1996). The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach would be used for this study and will provide an insight and understanding of young fathers expectations and experiences in accessing support and the effectiveness of the support. IPA was chosen over the Grounded Theory approach (Glaser Strauss 1967), as we do not want to develop a theory but to understand and explore how the participants understood their personal and social environment and what experiences and events meant for them. It is envisage that a retrospective, life-history approach, including a range of groups (e.g. young fathers in care, young fathers in prison, non-resident fathers, young fathers from ethnic minority groups and practitioners) will give insights into young fathers expectations and experiences in accessing support and the effectiveness of the support they receive. I expect the sample to reflect a sufficient range of potentially significant variables such as gender, age, ethnicity and social background. The ethical committee within the London South Bank University (LSBU) would consider the study for approval. All participants would be given information sheets explaining the procedure. Before giving signed consent, participants would be advised that they were free to leave at any time. Pilot studies would be done of the questions being asked to check the clarity of the language. Beck Hungler (2001) suggest that four ethical principles must be considered when participating in research: (1) the right not to be harmed, (2) the right to be fully informed on all aspects of the study, (3) the right to decide to take part or not (and the right to withdraw at any time) and (4) the right to privacy, anonymity and confidentiality. Qualitative research commences during the process of data collection. While the researcher processes the information patterns are then looked for during the interview and then select a theme to follow. The data analysis continues throughout the interviews and also once data is collected. Two researchers will independently undertake the analysis and checked and re-checked with each other for emergent themes. Diversity within the sample would allow for the exploration of young fathers experiences across a range of circumstances relating to their age, locality, education and employment, living arrangements, relationships with their partner, support from family and friends, contact with formal services, etc. Social work and qualitative research share the mutual goals of dealing with subjectivity, describing the complexity of lived experience, and appreciating realities where intuition is valued. Qualitative methodology is, therefore, in my view a suitable method to be employed in researching the expectations and experiences of young fathers in accessing support. Researchers would take necessary steps not to introduce bias by accidentally reporting their interpretation of participants feelings. At the beginning of the study researchers would declare and record their feelings. The researchers would also ensure that the level of subjectivity remains at a relatively neutral level. Ethical issues are important and would be considered at every step of the research process. This is not just about obtaining ethical approval for a study but also ensuring the rights of participants are not violated. When reporting the findings of the research, participants anonymity and confidentiality would not be breached. The role of the interviewer is to encourage participants to discuss their experiences of the phenomenon. It is possible that in the cause of the interview participants could inadvertently discuss personal information that they had not planned to reveal, or that may rekindle tragic or uncomfortable experiences related to this study. Researchers would continue to negotiate with participants to ascertain whether they wish to continue with the interview or not. Psychological support would be in place to manage any emotional distress that may result from the interview. Everything would be done in the course of the study to protect the rights of vulnerable respondents. The researchers would not make any exaggerated claims as to the significance of the research and implications for practice, and further research would be located in the studys findings. Moreover, the researcher would relate the findings of the study back to the original research purpose, and illustrate whether or not it has been adequately addressed (Thorne et al., 2005). The researchers would conclude by placing the findings in a context that indicates how this new information is of interest, and its implications for social work. These conclusions would reflect the studys findings and ideally would offer recommendations as to how they may be developed. The most common criteria used to evaluate qualitative research studies are credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability (Lincoln et al., 1985). It is therefore important that the readers are able to identify the criteria used and are able to clearly follow each step of the research process. To ensure the credibility of the study process, the study would address the issue of whether there is consistency between the participants views and the researchers representation of them. The participants would be consulted at every stage of the study and they would be allowed to read and discuss the study findings. The researcher would also describe and interpret his experience as a researcher. The study would provide evidence of a decision trail at each stage of the research process. Future researchers would clearly be able to follow the trail used by the researchers and potentially arrive at the same or comparable conclusions. The researchers would demonstrate how conclusions and interpretations have been derived from the data. Its hoped that the findings would be transferable to other context outside the study situation and people who were not involved in the research study would find the results meaningful. One of the shortcomings of a qualitative research based study of this nature is their lack of objectivity and generalisation of their findings. The study has been designed to seek answers to how persons or groups make sense of their experiences. In my view small qualitative studies can gain a more personal understanding of the phenomenon and the results can potentially contribute valuable knowledge to the community. Hamilton (1980) asserts that the value of a study is established by reference to the phenomena it seeks to comprehend and the understandings it aspires to develop. Stake (1980) suggests that using qualitative methodology in this type of study may be in conceptual harmony with the service users experience and thus be a natural basis for generalization. Liiicolii Y, Cuba E (1985) Nainrnlisik /nijiiir). Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA Koch T (2l)06 Establishing rigour in qualitative research: the decision trail. J Adv Nurs 53(1): 91-100 Tobin G, Begley C (2004) Methodological rigour within a qualitative Framework J Adv Nurs 48(4): 388-96 Thorne S, Darbyshire P (2005) Land mines in the field: a modest proposal for improving the craft of qualitative health research. Quality Health Research 15(8): 1105-13 Myers, M. (2000). Qualitative research and the generalizability question: Standing firm with Proteus. The Qualitative Report, 4(3/4).   http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR4-3/myers.html

Macbeth :: essays research papers

The passing of decade’s, centuries and a millennium, man in some aspects, has not changed. With this passing of time, man remains gullible and optimistic. These two characteristics are essential in the development in the play Macbeth. This is evident in that Macbeth’s fate is influenced, by the witches’ predictions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the outset of the play, Macbeths encounters the witches who predict he will become â€Å"Thane of Cowdor† and that he too, will one day be king. Nevertheless, the witches do not oblige Macbeth to ultimately commit his actions. However, they do place within Macbeth a sense of wonder and optimism. The three witches intruded upon a part of man, which that he is gullible. Macbeth being gullible caused his wonder and brought forth a feeling of possibility. This is evident, when Macbeth tells his wife of what he has experienced. Upon revealing what was told to him, Lady Macbeth further on, appeals to Macbeth to take action when King Duncan comes to visit. Lady Macbeth urges her husband to fulfill his obligation and kill King Duncan. However, it is apparent that Macbeth is hesitant of such action and is at first unwilling to go forth with the plan. Once again Lady Macbeth alludes to the witches vision and with that, lusts upon the possible gains. The plan is ex ecuted and Macbeth becomes King. upon the vacancy of the throne. The witches’ vision is obtained, through the natural human sense of possibility and lust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second encounter with the witches, further reinforce the sense of power in Macbeth and the gullibility of man. Upon this encounter, the witches tell Macbeth that no man can be harmed by. Once more Macbeth believes what he is told and that he is invincible. This feeling of invincibility is shown in the final battle he undergoes, where he is attacking all those around him with no hesitation. The element of invincibility is deeply rooted in Macbeth, due to the fact of the fulfillment of he becoming king. The witches’ influence is apparent, in that in the battle with Macduff, Macbeth once again proclaims invincibility, yet soon realizes that is not the case.

Geography Coursework

Pickering is a historic market town located in North Yorkshire, between York and the North Yorkshire coast. Pickering has many tourist attractions like, the steam railway, Pickering castle, the market and the countryside. It is the gateway to the North York Moors National Park, with its appealing scenery. We are interested to find out what it is that specifically attracts tourists to that area. This is a map of Pickering along with the attractions of Pickering Two groups took a geography trip to Pickering on two separate days and. Both groups created their own questionnaires and we asked random members of the public these questions. These are some of the questions we asked people while we were in Pickering. Once we had received our results from our questionnaires we compared them with the other group's results 1.Do you live in: A. Pickering B. the area around Pickering C. or are you a tourist 2.What would you say is the main tourist attraction A. The castle B. The steam railway C. The countryside 3. What method of transport did you use to get here today A. Walk B. Car C. Bus D. Other 4. How long did it take you to travel here today A. Less than 15 minutes B. 15 minutes – 1 hour C. 1 hour + 5. If you are local: Do you do most of your shopping in Pickering I Yes ii No 6. If you are a tourist: A Is this your first visit to Pickering I Yes ii No B. Would you visit Pickering again Table A Where people live Wednesday Thursday Pickering 58% 52% Around Pickering 26% 18% Tourists 16% 30% With these results you can clearly see that a majority of the interviewees were mainly from Pickering. This is somewhat unexpected as Pickering relies on tourists to visit the area. I think the groups went at the wrong time of year because if we went during the school holidays then you should see that there would be an increase in the number of tourists because they would have the time off school and work. : Diagram A My first hypothesis is that on the day that I went on the trip to Pickering I thought there were more local people than tourists. I can prove this with my results from Diagram A and Table A from our questionnaires we asked. However if we had visited Pickering on the market day then we would have seen an increase in the number of local people as the market would attract more local people rather than tourists. Table B The main tourist attraction Wednesday Thursday Castle 12% 15% Steam railway 64% 55% Countryside 17% 15% Other 7% 15% Diagram B The results above show that the on both days the steam railway is the favoured tourist attraction with the majority of the percentage. These results are not exactly unexpected for the reason that the steam railway travels through the countryside so people would still catch a glimpse of the countryside, but because they are on the steam railway they would maybe think that the attraction they are seeing is the steam railway when actually they are viewing the countryside as well. This is a picture of the favourite tourist attraction the steam railway. With my second hypothesis I can say that people preferred the steam railway to the other attractions. I can show this with Diagram B and Table B for the reason that my results show that on Wednesday 64% of people preferred the railway and on Thursday 55% of people favoured the steam railway to the other attractions. Table C Transport Wednesday Thursday Walk 20% 30% Car 56.5% 36% Bus 14.5% 18% Steam train 6.5% 10% Other 3% 6% With these figure we have collated you can clearly see that the main method of transport was the car. This isn't surprising seen as people rely too much on cars at present, with the majority of people owning one. This is surprising seen as the main tourist attraction is the steam railway so they must have left their cars in the car park while they travelled on the steam railway. After the car, walking was next on both days. With the groups both going during school time and not in a holiday, there would have been more interviewees that are local to the area of Pickering and would have been able to walk there. My group's results were: Diagram C. For the third hypothesis I can say that the favoured method of transport would be the car. I can back this up with Diagram C and Table C because 56.5% used a car on Wednesday and 36% on Thursday. However on Thursday only 36% travelled by car which maybe suggest that on Thursday there were more local people in Pickering but if you look at my results they show that on Wednesday there were more local people in Pickering. Diagram D Table D Travelling time Wednesday Thursday Less than 15 minutes 48% 42% 15 minutes- 1 hour 31% 36% More than 1 hour 21% 22% On both days it took more people less than 15 minutes to travel into Pickering. The majority of people took less than 15 minutes to travel to Pickering. This is mainly because most of the interviewees were from Pickering and the area around Pickering. This is surprising as Pickering is a tourist town and most of the people we asked were either from Pickering or the area around Pickering and were not actually tourists. My fifth hypothesis is that with the travelling time I can say that a majority of people questioned on both days were from Pickering as it took them less time to travel into Pickering. I can back this up with the results from Table D and Diagram D which both say that the people questioned took 15 minutes or less to travel into Pickering. We also asked people whether they did most o their shopping in Pickering. Our results were; Diagram E These results show that most of the interviewees didn't do most of their shopping in Pickering. This isn't surprising as Pickering doesn't have a major shopping store or any big name stores. So the local people will have to travel out of Pickering to buy all of the luxury items. But the shops that Pickering has are selling the basic goods. With these results they show that a majority of people on both days do their shopping outside of Pickering. Table E Do you do most of your shopping in Pickering? Wednesday Thursday Yes 33% 44% No 67% 56% These results show that most of the interviewees didn't do most of their shopping in Pickering. This isn't surprising as Pickering doesn't have a major shopping store or any big name stores. So the local people will have to travel out of Pickering to buy all of the luxury items. But the shops that Pickering has are selling the basic goods. With these results they show that a majority of people on both days do their shopping outside of Pickering. My sixth hypothesis is that I can say that the people questioned would rather do their shopping outside of Pickering and I can establish this with Table E and Diagram E with both of these showing that people prefer shopping outside of Pickering. Along with only 33% on Wednesday and 44% on Thursday saying they do most of their shopping in Pickering. Table F Is this your first visit to Pickering? Wednesday Thursday Yes 12% 33% No 88% 67% Diagram F Most of the interviewees said that this wasn't their first visit to Pickering. I think with this question we should have asked if they were a tourist or not. That way we would have had a better idea of who were tourists and who were local to the area this way we would have had different results from the people we interviewed. With a lot of people saying that it wasn't their first visit to Pickering shows that if they were tourists then they enjoyed visiting Pickering and they decided to travel there again. For my seventh hypothesis I can say that people the people questioned had visited Pickering before and as a consequence of this they visited Pickering again. I can prove this with my Table F and Diagram F. Table F shows that on both days a majority of people had visited Pickering before. However there were a small number of people who hadn't visited Pickering before. I think that if people said that it was their first visit to Pickering then we should have asked them if they enjoyed their time in Pickering and if they would visit the area again. Diagram G Table G Would you visit Pickering again? Wednesday Thursday Yes 96.5% 82% No 3.5% 18% With these sets of results they show that a lot of the people questioned said that they would visit Pickering again. That shows that Pickering is a pleasant place and is a delightful experience. It seems that on Thursday there were more people that wouldn't visit Pickering so maybe the people on Thursday thought that Pickering wasn't an enjoyable place to visit. Whereas Wednesday's results prove that people visiting Pickering was satisfied with the area. My eighth hypothesis is that I'm able to say that given the chance people would visit Pickering again. I can provide evidence to this with Table G and Diagram G which both say that the majority of people enjoyed their visit to Pickering and would take another trip to the town of Pickering A semi-conclusion would be that a majority of people on both days was fond of Pickering and many of the interviewees had visited Pickering before our visit there and would gladly visit again. Although, there isn't a large shopping centre nearby to attract the tourists or for the locals to do their shopping, people still flock to Pickering for the market on Wednesdays and the steam railway. A lot of people who had travelled to Pickering didn't travel for a lengthy amount of time which suggests that a lot of people who were visiting Pickering were from nearby and didn't have to travel very far. Recently I took a trip with a few of my class-mates to Beverley and asked people there the same questionnaire with a few alterations. We did that so that we could compare the results from Pickering to those of Beverley. We found that a majority of people asked were from the area around Beverley unlike that of people asked in Pickering as most of them were from Pickering itself. Unlike the Pickering survey, were over half the people asked didn't do their shopping in Pickering. The Beverley survey recorded that half of the people in question did their shopping in Beverley. We asked if people would visit the designated town again given the choice and in Pickering there was a few people who said no but in Beverley everybody in question would visit Beverley again. To conclude my study I can say that the reason people are specifically attracted to Pickering is that most people are interested in the steam railway or the market which are both located in Pickering. Where as, in Beverley people were attracted to visiting Beverley because they were visiting or have visited Beverley Minster. A few ways in which I could have improved my study is that I could have included a plan of the shops and businesses of Pickering. Also, I could have written about the shops and businesses and say if they were high, medium or low order businesses. I could have also asked more people the questionnaire which would have made a difference to my results. Also I could have visited Pickering or Beverley on multiple days and then compared the results to see what differences there would be and I could compare each day with one another.

Worst Day Of Life

The worst day of my life was when I lost my thumb it was very painful I was emotionally scared and I cant play video games like normal people. I lost my thumb when I was only a few years old and it hurt a lot. It got taken off in a bike chain. Thats how I lost my thumb. Im not able to play video games like normal people play. My thumb is always sliding off the buttons. It always hard to keep up when playing video games with my friends. Its really annoying to play. Im not as accurate when playing games. I always die a lot in the games I play. Also I lose a lot when Im playing two player games. I cant move my thumb as fast as normal people. I end up in last often in games. I get problems holding things. That is what disadvantages I have when playing video games. When I lost my thumb it was very painful. My thumb was ripped off painfully in a bike chain. I think I should have sued the people that made the stupid bike. When it fell off it was just sitting there and that was bad. When it got cut off it was gushing lots of blood. There was blood every where. When this happened the carpet was soaked in blood it was weird. Then they took me to the hospital and they stitched it up because they couldnt put it back on because it was cut into small pieces. They had to but a cast on to. It was different when they took it off because I didnt have a thumb and that was different. Thats what were some painful things about my thumb being ripped off. It emotionally sacred me for life. I was never the same. I couldnt hold a cup that easy. It made it hard to write. Ive always and forever be a freak. People call me a freak. Its really funny looking. Ill never be like the normal people. They laugh at my missing thumb. I cant always join into normal activities of normal people. Thats why I sacred for life forever. Thats why the worst day of my life was when I lost my thumb. It was bad because that was my most painful experience I have ever had. It sacred me emotionally forever. I can never be the same.

Paterson, Katherine. Bridge to Terabithia

Children, by their very nature, are friendlier and more loving than adults. Children also find it easier than adults to believe in the imagination and thereby build castles in the air. Thus, two lonely children in Katherine Paterson’s Bridge to Terabithia build a bridge to Terabithia, which happens to be their very own imaginary forest kingdom. Jesse Aarons Jr. is a middle child among five siblings settled with their parents in rural Virginia. While his father works away in Washington D. C. , Jesse is not among his mother’s favorite children.She does not seem to have much time for the son. Even so, Jesse’s sister, May Belle, shows love for her brother and even looks up to him. Leslie Burke, another important character in the book, is the only child of rich writers who have moved into Jesse’s area only recently. After Leslie wins a race that Jesse had been preparing all summer to win himself, in spite of the fact that the race is meant for â€Å"boys only, † the two strike a friendship. Both Jesse and Leslie are loners who do not get along very well with the other children at school.Jesse is interested in art, while his dad in Washington D. C. disapproves. Leslie does not have a television at home. So, Jesse shares his love of art with his new friend, Leslie. She, in turn, describes to her new friend her own love of fantasy tales. Through these discussions emerge a new idea – that of creating a magical kingdom. This imaginary kingdom is created near the children’s homes and in the woods. What is more, this new kingdom belonging only to Jesse and Leslie is accessible only by means of a rope that must swing over the creek.The kingdom is called Terabithia, and Jesse and Leslie are respectively named the King and the Queen of Terabithia. Jesse and Leslie spend each day at Terabithia after school. It is in their very own kingdom that the two children finally find their own place in the world. They shed their fears in th is kingdom to boot, such as the fear of the bully, Janice Avery from 7th grade. One day when Jesse is out to the National Gallery of Art in Washington D. C. on a field trip with his music teacher, Ms.Edmunds, whom he admires very much, Leslie goes off to Terabithia on her own. But while she is trying to cross the bridge to Terabithia – the rope that swings over a creek which is rain-swollen – her head hits a rock and the girl falls into the water to drown. Although Jesse cannot easily get over the death of Leslie, he overcomes the grief by remembering the strength that his new friendship had given him. Jesse overcomes his grief also by returning to Terabithia to perhaps save the life of Leslie, imagining that she may be alive somehow.While he is searching for Leslie, he hears the cry of a young voice calling for help. At first, Jesse believes that he has found Leslie alive. However, the voice calling out to him is that of his younger sister, May Belle. Jesses helps out his younger sister who has got stuck right in the middle of the rope over the creek. Before Leslie’s parents leave Jesse’s area, the boy asks them whether he could take some wooden planks that are lying in their shed. The parents reply that Jesse may have anything left over by them.Jesse takes the wooden planks to Terabithia and builds a bridge to replace the nasty rope over the creek. Once he is finished, he takes May Belle along with him to Terabithia to declare that she would be the Queen of Terabithia from now. Hence, the Bridge to Terabithia becomes an extraordinary adventure for young children, who would also learn how to face the realities of life through this wonderful read. Indeed, the book has important lessons for young children, one of the more important ones of which appears to be the use of reason.